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Its all started when John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley atBell Labs decided to create a new amplifier better than the one created bygraham bill.The invention of the transistor revolutionized electronics and paved theway for computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices.Before the transistor was invented, vacuum tubes were used to amplify andswitch electrical signals. However, vacuum tubes had several drawbacks.They were relatively large, required a lot of power to operate, and generateda lot of heat. Transistors, in contrast, were much smaller, required lesspower, and generated much less heat.In 1951, the first commercial transistor was produced by Texas Instruments.It was called the "solid state" transistor and was used in hearing aids. Soonafterwards, transistors began to be used in radios, televisions, and otherconsumer electronics. In the 1960s, transistors were used in mainframecomputers and quickly replaced vacuum tubes.In the 1970s, transistors were used in integrated circuits and were used insmaller and smaller devices. By the 1990s, transistors had become a majorcomponent in personal computers and cell phones. Today, transistors arefound in almost all electronic devices, from calculators to cars. To understand how transistors work, we must first look at the threeterminals that make up a transistor – the base, collector, and emitter. Thebase is the input terminal and is responsible for controlling current flowbetween the collector and emitter. The collector is the output terminal andis responsible for collecting current from the emitter. The emitter is theground terminal and is responsible for releasing the current.When a current is applied to the base terminal, it creates a voltagedifferential between the base and the emitter, allowing current to flowfrom the collector to the emitter. This is known as forward biasing. Whenthe voltage applied to the base terminal is reversed, the current flow isblocked, known as reverse biasing.Which makes it a switch that is controlled using an applied current to thebase.Transistors can also be used to amplify current. When a small current isapplied to the base terminal, it causes a much larger current to flowbetween the collector and emitter, allowing the transistor to amplify thecurrent. This process is known as transistor action.So how exactly does the transistor revolutionized the technology:The transistor is a key component in all modern computers, allowing us toprocess data faster, store more information, and allow for more complexalgorithms to be run on the computer. The transistor is essentially a switchthat can be used to turn electronic signals on and off, And this is basicallythe language of the computer off and on means zeros and ones. So thatmeans that we use the transistors as storing devices to run the computer.The transistor continues to evolve and be used in more and more devices.Researchers are currently working on graphene transistors, which are madefrom a single sheet of carbon atoms and are extremely small. In the future,transistors may be used in even more devices, such as medical implantsand robots.The invention of the transistor has revolutionized the electronic industryand brought us into the digital age. Without this revolutionary invention,many of the devices we use today would not exist. Written by Mina Sameh,